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Subgroups
The HPOG programs aimed to recruit individuals with low income to participate in the study. To be eligible for the study at all programs, individuals had to have low income, as indicated by receiving public benefits or having income below a threshold based on the federal poverty line. (The threshold varied by program.) Most programs also required individuals to have some minimal level of basic skills, and many conducted criminal background checks and evaluated applicants' interests and skills to determine eligibility. Eligible individuals were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison groups from March 2013 to November 2014. At 3 of 23 HPOG grantees (including 11 of 42 HPOG programs), individuals were randomly assigned to one of three study groups: a comparison group not eligible for HPOG services, a group eligible to receive standard HPOG services plus emergency assistance, and a group eligible to receive standard HPOG services only. This review examines the contrast of the group eligible to receive enhanced services (the intervention group) and the group eligible to receive standard HPOG services (the comparison group). Other reviews examine the effects of alternative service enhancements and the contrast of all individuals eligible to receive HPOG and all individuals assigned to comparison groups not eligible for the program across the 23 grantees.
The study randomly assigned participants between March 2013 and November 2014 and collected data 15 months later.
ACF, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
HPOG programs aimed to serve individuals with low income. Across all 42 programs, 89 percent of study participants were female, 63 percent had one or more children, and 84 percent were not married. About one-quarter (24 percent) were Hispanic, and about one-third (34 percent) were Black and not Hispanic. The average age was 32. At baseline, 12 percent of participants lacked a high school diploma or equivalent certification, whereas 20 percent had a postsecondary degree or certificate; 43 percent were working; 26 percent were in school; 56 percent received the Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Program or the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; and 13 percent received Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
There were three grantees that implemented HPOG with emergency assistance: Bergen Community Colleges (New Jersey), Full Employment Council (Missouri), and the NY Research Foundation of CUNY–Hostos Community College (New York).
Programs received grants about 2.5 years before the study began. Many HPOG grantees had a long history of providing employment and training services.
Individuals in the intervention group received services from three HPOG grantees as part of 1 of 11 HPOG programs. These services typically included a range of educational, training, and employment supports. The intervention group for this study was eligible to receive standard HPOG services and could also receive emergency assistance to cover unexpected expenses.
The comparison group was given access to all HPOG services except emergency assistance.
None.
Across all 42 HPOG programs, trainings ranged greatly in length, from six weeks to four years. Most individuals enrolled in short-term programs (six to eight weeks), but the career pathways approach encouraged individuals to enroll in multiple programs over time.
ACF, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
The study took place in Kansas City, MO; the Bronx, NY; and several sites in New Jersey.
Job quality