People experiencing homeless and substance use issues were eligible to enroll in a two-stage treatment program. During the first stage, participants were in day-treatment programming for 5.5 hours each weekday and resided in shelters or other temporary housing that participants secured through referrals to other agencies. Programming included group and individual therapy and coaching focused on helping participants address their substance use issues.

In the first two-month phase, intervention group participants were housed in Project H&ART residences and received group and individual therapy (one or two sessions per week), art therapy, psychodrama, group education classes, and weekly recreational events. Intervention participants were also required to attend AA or NA meetings daily. In the second two-month phase, intervention group participants primarily received case management designed to encourage them to search for employment and develop soft skills.

Throughout the program, intervention group participants lived in Project H&ART residences. In the first two-month phase, participants attended group and individual therapy (one to two sessions per week), art therapy, psychodrama, group education classes, and weekly recreational events. Intervention participants also attended AA or NA meetings daily, which was required. In the second two-month phase, intervention group participants primarily received case management, which encouraged them to search for employment and to develop soft skills.

The intervention housed participants in substance- and cost-free Project H&ART residences. Residence managers who were themselves recovering from substance use disorders provided participants with support. They encouraged participants to set personal goals and build peer support networks. Participants were required to (1) remain alcohol and drug free (as determined by random drug tests), (2) attend weekly community meetings, and (3) inform residence managers twice weekly about any other community services received.

The intervention housed participants in substance- and cost-free Project H&ART residences. Residence managers who were themselves recovering from substance use disorders provided participants with support, encouraged them to set personal goals, and helped them build peer support networks. Participants were required to (1) remain alcohol and drug free (as determined by random drug tests), (2) attend weekly community meetings, and (3) inform residence managers twice weekly about any other community services received.

Throughout the program, intervention group participants lived in Project H&ART residences. In the first two-month phase, participants attended group and individual therapy (one to two sessions per week), art therapy, psychodrama, group education classes, and weekly recreational events. Intervention participants also attended AA or NA meetings daily, which was required. In the second two-month phase, intervention group participants primarily received case management, which encouraged them to search for employment and to develop soft skills.

Continuous Treatment Team provided participants with an unlimited amount of community-based services and an individualized plan to address their specific needs. Clinical case managers worked closely with clients to create their individualized plan; address their health needs; and help them access housing, transportation, and money management services. The service population included adults without housing who had a severe psychiatric disorder; no history of violent behavior; and an intention to stay in the St. Louis, MO, area for the duration of the study.

A mental health clinic in St. Louis, MO, provided the traditional outpatient treatment, which included psychotherapy, psychiatric medication, and assistance in obtaining social services. The service population included adults without housing who had a severe psychiatric disorder, no history of violent behavior, and an intention to stay in the St. Louis area for the duration of the study. The intervention lasted 12 months.

Continuous Treatment Team provided participants with an unlimited amount of community-based services and an individualized plan to address their specific needs. Clinical case managers worked closely with clients to create their individualized plan; address their health needs; and help them access housing, transportation, and money management services. The service population included adults without housing who had a severe psychiatric disorder; no history of violent behavior; and an intention to stay in the St. Louis, MO, area for the duration of the study.