Earnings

Earnings

Parent Success Initiative (PSI) had the largest effects on long-term annual earnings (an average of $983 per year). PSI provided noncustodial parents with low incomes support in finding work with the goal of improving participants’ employment skills and ability to pay child support.

Employment

Employment

Welfare Restructuring Project (WRP) had the largest effects on long-term employment (an average of 5 percentage points). The WRP created a work requirement for single parents and for two-parent families with a disabled or unemployed parent receiving cash assistance. It also provided financial incentives to work, with a goal of encouraging employment and reducing reliance on welfare.

Public benefit receipt

Public benefit receipt

Parent Success Initiative (PSI) had the largest effects on long-term benefit receipt (decreasing the amount of public benefits received by $503 per year). PSI provided noncustodial parents with low incomes support in finding work with the goal of improving participants’ employment skills and ability to pay child support.

Effects on long-term benefit receipt

$503

Decrease long-term benefit receipt

Education and training

Education and training

Supporting Families Through Work (SFTW) had the largest effects on education and training (increasing the attainment of a degree or credential by an average of 3 percentage points). SFTW provided noncustodial parents with low incomes with support to find transitional jobs; SFTW’s goal was to improve employment outcomes and participants’ ability to pay child support.

Community Connections Individual Placement and Support (IPS) (as compared to Enhanced Vocational Rehabilitation [EVR])

IPS gave people ongoing support to find work based on their own preferences, a vocational assessment, and job development. Employment specialists gave individualized support to participants as well as counseling and help with transportation. There was no time limit on IPS services; employment support was given as needed. IPS was provided to unemployed individuals who were living in an urban neighborhood that was low income and who had severe mental disorders that kept them from finding employment for at least two years.