Jacobs, Erin, and Dan Bloom (2011). Alternative employment strategies for hard-to-employ TANF recipients: Final results from a test of transitional jobs and preemployment services in Philadelphia, OPRE Report #2011-19, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/resource/alternative-employment-strategies-for-hard-to-employ-tanf-recipients.