Earnings

Earnings

Family Rewards had the largest effects on long-term annual earnings (an average of $6,342 per year). The Family Rewards program provided cash incentives to families with low income for completing activities related to children’s education, family health, and parents’ work and education, with the goal of reducing immediate hardship and long-term poverty.

Employment

Employment

Jobs-First Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) Program had the largest effects on long-term employment (an average of 6 percentage points). Jobs-First GAIN emphasized a rapid employment strategy to help recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) improve their earnings and employment outcomes. 

Public benefit receipt

Public benefit receipt

Prenatal and Infancy Home Visiting by Nurses had the largest effects on long-term benefit receipt (decreasing the amount of public benefits received by $2,278 per year). Prenatal and Infancy Home Visiting by Nurses provided home visits intended to promote family economic self-sufficiency by improving maternal life-course outcomes. The program focused on increasing employment, decreasing public benefit usage, and improving family planning.

Effects on long-term benefit receipt

$2,278

Decrease long-term benefit receipt

Education and training

Education and training

Good Transitions had the largest effects on education and training (increasing the attainment of a degree or credential by an average of 15 percentage points). Good Transitions served noncustodial parents with low income by providing subsidized employment combined with case management and training to help them connect to stable employment.

Project 100+ Unconditional Cash Transfer

Intervention (standard name)

Project 100+ Unconditional Cash Transfer was a one-time unconditional cash payment of $1,000 provided to low-income families with children in twelve states to alleviate financial distress associated with the Covid-19 pandemic. The program provided unrestricted, lump sum cash transfer delivered via a Hyperwallet account that could be used for any type of expense. There were no requirements for families to participate in any other services or meet work-related conditions.

Eligible families received the one-time payment in May 2020. 

Head Start

Intervention (standard name)

Head Start provided free childcare, preschool, and related services to disadvantaged families with the aim of increasing children's school readiness and supporting parental well-being. The program provided home and center based care and education as well as wellness visits, parenting classes, and networking opportunities. Head Start also served as a bridge to additional public services such as health care, nutrition, and housing assistance. 

Shreveport Guaranteed Income Program

Intervention (standard name)

The Shreveport Guaranteed Income Program provided $660 per month for 12 months to eligible single parents or guardians with low incomes. Parents or guardians had to reside in Shreveport or Caddo Parish, have a child between the ages of 3 and 20 living with them, and have a household income less than or equal to 120 percent of federal poverty level at the time of application. Participants also were offered optional financial education and benefit navigation services.

The program was evaluated in Shreveport, LA.

Ecologically-Based Treatment

Intervention (standard name)

Ecologically-Based Treatment provided short-term housing assistance with intensive supportive services to young mothers experiencing homelessness and substance use disorders to facilitate stabilization. Participants received three months of rental and utility assistance and six months of supportive services, including strengths-based case management, HIV prevention, and clinical counseling for substance use and mental health needs using the Community Reinforcement Approach.

The program was evaluated in central Ohio. 

Child First

Intervention (standard name)

Child First was a home visiting program for families with children from birth through age 5 where caregivers were experiencing challenges with their own mental health or their children’s behavior problems; it provided both care coordination and a trauma-informed intervention aimed at promoting executive functioning and healthy family relationships. Care coordination involved a home visitor connecting families to available and relevant resources.

Baby's First Years Unconditional Cash Transfer

Intervention (standard name)

The Baby’s First Years (BFY) Unconditional Cash Transfer provided monthly, predictable unconditional cash transfers to new mothers with low-income to increase household financial resources and encourage investments in child development during the first years of children’s lives. Mothers were given a debit card in the hospital, and a cash gift of $333 was loaded into the card monthly. Mothers also had access to a hotline number for assistance with the card use. There were no work-related requirements and no restrictions on how mothers could spend the cash gifts.