Adults (age 25+)

Earnings

Earnings

Work Advancement and Support Center (WASC) Demonstration had the largest effects on long-term annual earnings (an average of $6,415 per year). The WASC Demonstration delivered integrated, intensive retention and advancement services and financial work supports to workers with low wages and reemployed dislocated workers to fill gaps in services available to them and help them advance and increase their incomes.

These are the five interventions with the largest effects. See Exhibit 1 for all interventions.
Employment

Employment

Jobs-First Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) Program had the largest effects on long-term employment (an average of 6 percentage points). Jobs-First GAIN emphasized a rapid employment strategy to help recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) improve their earnings and employment outcomes. 

These are the five interventions with the largest effects. See Exhibit 1 for all interventions.
Public benefit receipt

Public benefit receipt

Parent Success Initiative (PSI) had the largest effects on long-term benefit receipt (decreasing the amount of public benefits received by $629 per year). PSI provided noncustodial parents with low incomes support in finding work with the goal of improving participants’ employment skills and ability to pay child support.

Effects on long-term benefit receipt

Parent Success Initiative (PSI)
$629

Decrease long-term benefit receipt

Education and training

Education and training

Good Transitions had the largest effects on education and training (increasing the attainment of a degree or credential by an average of 15 percentage points). Good Transitions served noncustodial parents with low income by providing subsidized employment combined with case management and training to help them connect to stable employment.

These are the five interventions with the largest effects. See Exhibit 1 for all interventions.

Resources to Initiate Successful Employment

Intervention (standard name)
Resources to Initiate Successful Employment

Resources to Initiate Successful Employment (RISE) offered enhanced services including comprehensive case management, extensive wraparound and support services, a mandatory life skills course called Strategies for Success, and work-based learning opportunities, targeting SNAP work registrants with multiple or critical barriers to employment. Participants initially completed a barrier assessment and plan for being able to take part in RISE activities.

Jobs for Independence

Intervention (standard name)
Jobs for Independence

Jobs for Independence (JFI) provided comprehensive clinical assessment and counseling services, referrals to employment or training activities, and an offer of the Governor’s Career Readiness Certificate (GCRC), targeting new work registrant SNAP participants with barriers to employment—including substance use or mental health disorders, housing instability, or criminal justice histories. The four-module GCRC course included job readiness skills, computer skills, applied math, a WorkKey skills assessment, and job seeking skills.

Generating Opportunities to Attain Lifelong Success

Intervention (standard name)
Generating Opportunities to Attain Lifelong Success

Generating Opportunities to Attain Lifelong Success (GOALS) provided intensive case management followed by occupational skills training, job placement services with dedicated employment liaisons and postemployment services, targeting SNAP participants who were work registrants.GOALS began with a stabilization phase of intensive case management that included barrier identification and developing an individualized action plan to address mental health, substance use, basic education, and/or life skills needs, as indicated.

EleVAte

Intervention (standard name)
EleVAte

The EleVAte program placed able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWD) SNAP participants into one of three service components based on a reading level assessment and training interests: a hybrid online and in-person basic adult education program, a short-term occupational skills training course, or a longer-term occupational skills training course with integrated basic education.

California Bridge Academy

Intervention (standard name)
California Bridge Academy

California Bridge Academy provided enhanced SNAP Employment and Training (E&T) Services, including 18 months of intensive case management, GED preparation classes, referrals to occupational skills training or postsecondary education, subsidized employment, job search assistance, support services, and financial incentives for upgrading skill and remaining in services.

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