Cognitive Behavioral Day Treatment Plus Abstinence-Contingent Housing, Vocational Training, and Work provided abstinence-contingent housing, paid employment training, and daily cognitive behavioral treatment to individuals experiencing homelessness and cocaine dependency in Birmingham, AL. The program transported participants from program-provided housing to job training, job interviews, and work sites.

The DT+ intervention served people experiencing homelessness who had (1) a diagnosis of cocaine or multisubstance dependence that included cocaine use and (2) a coexisting nonpsychotic mental disorder. Participants had access to (1) eight weeks of behavioral day treatment, including lunch and transportation, followed by weekly group therapy; (2) housing; (3) support with setting goals related to employment and housing; (4) vocational counseling; and (5) referrals to job opportunities.

ICM provided participants with case managers who identified barriers to entry into substance use disorder treatment, such as childcare, transportation, and housing problems, and addressed those barriers. While participants were in treatment, case managers met with them weekly and coordinated with treatment facility staff to provide other needed services. Participants received vouchers for items such as children's toys or cosmetics as an incentive to participate in treatment. Participants received case management services for 24 months.

The HWVP provided case management services and mental health RT to women veterans who were homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. The study authors defined RT as “a program that houses clients in a central location and provides clinical and social services to the clients while they are resident[s].” The program was implemented in eleven Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers across the United States. The specific clinical and rehabilitation services varied by center, though all provided stable, safe housing and support from professional staff.

This program provided housing and services for adults experiencing homelessness with cocaine dependency and nonpsychotic mental disorders. The intervention was delivered in two phases: